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Thursday, December 7th, 2006

Both free will and secondary qualities have been accused of being mere appearances, illusions. Which of them, if any, stand the best chance of resisting this allegation? Why?

Hi my Dears,
today I got my results for my essay I PASSED!!!!!
I am so glad about that, and now my poor loves I am going to torture you a bit with my stupid essay

I am going to a fine, long massage now *sigh*

Hugs

Katja

In this essay I am going to argue that both, free will and secondary qualities are mere illusions but that free will would stand the best chance of resisting this allegation.

Secondary qualities, mentioned by John Locke in his famous work ‘An Essay Concerning Human Understanding’, can never be seen as absolute reality.
With secondary qualities we understand the power that is in an object because of its primary qualities. This power produces the ideas of colour, smell, tastes etc.. So if we look at secondary qualities, we have to look at primary ones too, qualities which can never change and which are inseparable from the object.
The biggest difference between those qualities is that primary ones have an independent existence from the mind, which secondary ones do not have.
The main argument for my thesis that secondary qualities are mere illusions is that all secondary qualities are subjective.
Let us take the following example: I am buying a new perfume of which I say it smells of roses but my friend is saying it were smelling of daffodils.
So the perfume does not have an absolute scent for both of us because our opinions are subjective.
Another example: A person suffering from colour blindness cannot differentiate several colours, for example red and green. So his colour impressions are different to mine.
This means we cannot see the ultimate colour. Our colour views are again subjective.

However the question arises if we could ever have the ultimate knowledge about those qualities and therewith understand them. I have to abnegate this.
We do not know all those legalities, therefore we cannot know the absolute quality of an object.
This argument fits with free will too.
We only think we do act freely because we do not know all those legalities which are determining us.
If we knew all of them, we would not think that we are free. As Ludwig Wittgenstein said in his ‘Tractatus Logico - philosophicus’ (1921) ‘ Free will means that we cannot know
Future acts now.’ 1

In my opinion, the simplest argument that humans cannot have a free will is that we humans are Nature beings, as Spinoza said.
So human beings are conducted by their drives. We do have certain needs, for example for food. Our bodies are telling us that we need food and when we need it.
We have to satisfy those needs in order to survive. There is a possibility, though not in all societies, to act freely in a certain way when satisfying those needs.
When we do have the possibility we can choose what we would like to eat and the amounts of food.
But even those acts can be determined by society, by advertisement etc.
So to come to a conclusion, humans are determined by their needs and even in the way of satisfying those needs.

One could argue that human beings can judge their actions critically. Therefore free will does not mean that we blindly follow our desires. We do not need to eat an apple although we have appetite or outer forces would tell us it is rotten. We can abandon our desires. So the awareness that a special action would be the best does not mean that we actually perform this action. In return, we can perform an action although we do know that this act is condemnable.

But acting on the assumption of a psychological determinism, every intentional act is based on an act of volition or an effectual desire and this again is destined for a cause. Of course neither the physical nor the psychological determinism means that we always act involuntary, under narrower and wider compulsion. We have rather excluded the involuntary actions due to physical force or nescience. The psychological determinism only means that we never act without a cause or due to a constitutional necessity, although this is unbeknownst to us.

This would bring me to my second thesis of this essay.
In my opinion human beings do not have an absolute free will, we cannot be free according to the definition of this word. All our acts, ideas etc. are determined by certain factors. As human beings are all living as social characters they are always dependent on society. Society is what is determining us in the widest sense. Moral concepts, laws and orders which we enjoined by and for ourselves, all these are factors of determinism in our life.
There are different forms of determinism: Incompatibilism/hard determinism, Incompatibilism/libertarianism and Compatibilism/soft determinism.

I have more incompatibilist intuitions. I accept that every event has a cause and thus the law of causality. Our actions can only be free when we do not implement them because of physical or psychic force or because of nescience.
As B. de Spinoza said, ‘human beings only think they act freely because they are aware of their acts, but they do not know the causes that affect those, their acts.’2

The human being is therefore completely causally defined.

Here I would like to address to an example of a thrown stone. Let us think that this thrown stone has awareness. In this case he knows that he would, due to the law of inertia, stay in this condition if no other powers affected him to change this condition. But this stone would think that he is absolutely free and would only stay in this condition because he wants to.

So we can see that free will is a mere illusion.

But as human beings can act reflexive to their desires, free will stands a better chance to resist this allegation of being a mere illusion. The reflexivity of the human awareness is not limited to the thinking but does extend to the will too. Human beings are able to judge their actions critically and can abandon their desires.

If we were really and absolutely free, we could not make any decisions anymore because every decision implicates a cause, which will be effectual. When we stay in the scientific worldview, it seems to be reasonable to think that free will is an illusion, generated by ourselves. The adequate reality is of physical nature – brain states.
I will finish this essay with an argument by Gerhard Roth to support my contemplated conclusion.
‘A human being feels free, when he can do what he wanted before.’ 3

References

1 Wittgenstein, L. Schriften I, Tractatus logico-philosophicus. Tagebücher 1914-1916 Philosophische
Untersuchungen, 85-285, Frankfurt a. M. 1969

2 Spinoza, B. de, Stoicorum veterum fragmenta, Coll. I. ab Arnim, 4 vol., Leipzig 1903

3 Roth, G., Fühlen, Denken, Handeln. Wie das Gehirn unser Verhalten steuert, Frankfurt a. M. 2001

4 Carusi, Annamaria, Course Material Session 3, Some Background,
http://online.conted.ox.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=212

Definitions

‘Determinism is the view that since every event has a cause, and since human actions are events, human actions are caused. Because of causal necessity, this means that human actions are determined.

Incompatibilism/hard determinism maintains that freedom is incompatible with the truth of determinism, and that determinism is true. Hence we are not free.

Incompatibilism/libertarianism maintains that freedom is incompatible with the truth of determinism, and denies the determinist premise that all events have a cause. In particular, some human actions are not subject to causal necessity.

Compatibilism/soft determinism maintains that freedom is compatible with determinism and accepts the determinist’s premise that every event has a cause, but argues that the notion of choice can be preserved in the face of determinism.’ 4

Secondary qualities: the power that is in an object because of its primary qualities. Do not have an independent existence from the mind.
Examples: taste, smell, colour

Primary Qualities: can never change and are inseparable from the object. Have an independent existence.
Examples: shape, density

2 Responses to “Both free will and secondary qualities have been accused of being mere appearances, illusions. Which of them, if any, stand the best chance of resisting this allegation? Why?”

1. spaz Says:
   December 17th, 2006 at 4:19 am

   wow, i found this site ridiculously attractive -before- the existence of intelligent people in it! seriously, discovering this site is practically life-changing in its pure connection with everything that i like.

2. Katja Says:
   December 17th, 2006 at 10:39 am

   Hi Spaz,
   glad you liked the essay (does it sound intelligent????) and I am even more happy that you like our page so much
   Would like to hear more from you!

   Hugs Katja

Leave a Reply

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